Bullet statements are short, to-the-point descriptions of a subject.

There's not many lines in an EPR and using this format allows the writer to communicate more information in the space available. The goal is communicating the fact as briefly as possible and normal sentence structure requirements, such as conjunctions and punctuation, are not required. The required format for entries in the Air Force EPR is the 'bullet statement' format.īullet statement format is merely the use of short sentence fragments to describe something. The goal of this paper is to help avoid that problem when it comes to EPRs. A 2007 study estimated unlawful suppressor possession was involved in only 0.05 percent (1 in 2,000) federal criminal prosecutions and the suppressor was unused, but simply in the possession of the defendant for 92% of prosecutions involving a suppressor.There aren't many things as frustrating as having the report you labored over for hours abruptly returned for editing because it's in the 'wrong' format. Use of suppressors is rare in United States crimes. A muzzle suppressor is similarly ineffective in reducing the snap of a supersonic bullet or the noise produced by the mechanical action of a self-loading firearm. Suppressors attached to the muzzle will not reduce the sound of high velocity gases released from other locations, such as the gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver. The sound of firing is only decreased, however, and is still considerable.

(two or three per square kilometer)Ī suppressor can be attached to the muzzle of a firearm to decrease the auditory signature of the high-velocity gases released from the muzzle when firing the weapon. A popular urban gunfire locator system typically uses six to ten audio sensors per square mile for trilateration. A firearm’s muzzle blast may be masked by ambient noise during the daytime, but may be detected at greater distances during the quieter hours of darkness. Urban areas typically exhibit diurnal noise patterns where background noise is higher during the daytime and lower at night and the noise floor directly correlates to urban activity (e.g., automobile traffic, airplane traffic, construction, and so on). The sounds may be heard at greater distances in the direction of bullet travel than behind or beside the gun. Gunfire noise propagation is anisotropic. Gunfire can be confused with other noises that can sound similar, such as firework explosions and cars backfiring.

A whip-like “snap” or “crack” caused by the sonic boom that occurs as a projectile moves through the air at supersonic speeds.

A typical muzzle blast generates a shock wave with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 140 dB or louder.

A muzzle blast which occurs when high-pressure gases within the barrel are suddenly released and rapidly expand when the projectile exits the muzzle and the bullet-bore contact that maintained the seal is removed.

A muzzle flash which occurs when superheated gases and incompletely combusted propellant residue are secondarily ignited upon contact with fresh ambient oxygen after being expelled out the gun barrel.

There are three primary attributes that characterize gunfire and hence enable the detection and location of gunfire and similar weapon discharges:

Writing the sound of a gunshot